高中所有化学方程式

2019-11-22 10:01:47

非金属单质(F2,Cl2,O2,S,N2,P,C,Si)
  
  1,氧化性:
  
  F2+H2===2HF
  
  F2+Xe(过量)===XeF2
  
  2F2(过量)+Xe===XeF4
  
  nF2+2M===2MFn(表示大部分金属)
  
  2F2+2H2O===4HF+O2
  
  2F2+2NaOH===2NaF+OF2+H2O
  
  F2+2NaCl===2NaF+Cl2
  
  F2+2NaBr===2NaF+Br2
  
  F2+2NaI===2NaF+I2
  
  F2+Cl2(等体积)===2ClF
  
  3F2(过量)+Cl2===2ClF3
  
  7F2(过量)+I2===2IF7
  
  Cl2+H2===2HCl
  
  3Cl2+2P===2PCl3
  
  Cl2+PCl3===PCl5
  
  Cl2+2Na===2NaCl
  
  3Cl2+2Fe===2FeCl3
  
  Cl2+2FeCl2===2FeCl3
  
  Cl2+Cu===CuCl2
  
  2Cl2+2NaBr===2NaCl+Br2
  
  Cl2+2NaI===2NaCl+I2
  
  5Cl2+I2+6H2O===2HIO3+10HCl
  
  Cl2+Na2S===2NaCl+S
  
  Cl2+H2S===2HCl+S
  
  Cl2+SO2+2H2O===H2SO4+2HCl
  
  Cl2+H2O2===2HCl+O2
  
  2O2+3Fe===Fe3O4
  
  O2+K===KO2
  
  S+H2===H2S
  
  2S+C===CS2
  
  S+Fe===FeS
  
  S+2Cu===Cu2S
  
  3S+2Al===Al2S3
  
  S+Zn===ZnS
  
  N2+3H2===2NH3
  
  N2+3Mg===Mg3N2
  
  N2+3Ca===Ca3N2
  
  N2+3Ba===Ba3N2
  
  N2+6Na===2Na3N
  
  N2+6K===2K3N
  
  N2+6Rb===2Rb3N
  
  P2+6H2===4PH3
  
  P+3Na===Na3P
  
  2P+3Zn===Zn3P2
  
  2.还原性
  
  S+O2===SO2
  
  S+O2===SO2
  
  S+6HNO3(浓)===H2SO4+6NO2+2H2O
  
  3S+4HNO3(稀)===3SO2+4NO+2H2O
  
  N2+O2===2NO
  
  4P+5O2===P4O10(常写成P2O5)
  
  2P+3X2===2PX3(X表示F2,Cl2,Br2)
  
  PX3+X2===PX5
  
  P4+20HNO3(浓)===4H3PO4+20NO2+4H2O
  
  C+2F2===CF4
  
  C+2Cl2===CCl4
  
  2C+O2(少量)===2CO
  
  C+O2(足量)===CO2
  
  C+CO2===2CO
  
  C+H2O===CO+H2(生成水煤气)
  
  2C+SiO2===Si+2CO(制得粗硅)
  
  Si(粗)+2Cl===SiCl4
  
  (SiCl4+2H2===Si(纯)+4HCl)
  
  Si(粉)+O2===SiO2
  
  Si+C===SiC(金刚砂)
  
  Si+2NaOH+H2O===Na2SiO3+2H2
  
  3,(碱中)歧化
  
  Cl2+H2O===HCl+HClO
  
  (加酸抑制歧化,加碱或光照促进歧化)
  
  Cl2+2NaOH===NaCl+NaClO+H2O
  
  2Cl2+2Ca(OH)2===CaCl2+Ca(ClO)2+2H2O
  
  3Cl2+6KOH(热,浓)===5KCl+KClO3+3H2O
  
  3S+6NaOH===2Na2S+Na2SO3+3H2O
  
  4P+3KOH(浓)+3H2O===PH3+3KH2PO2
  
  11P+15CuSO4+24H2O===5Cu3P+6H3PO4+15H2SO4
  
  3C+CaO===CaC2+CO
  
  3C+SiO2===SiC+2CO
  
  二,金属单质(Na,Mg,Al,Fe)的还原性
  
  2Na+H2===2NaH
  
  4Na+O2===2Na2O
  
  2Na2O+O2===2Na2O2
  
  2Na+O2===Na2O2
  
  2Na+S===Na2S(爆炸)
  
  2Na+2H2O===2NaOH+H2
  
  2Na+2NH3===2NaNH2+H2
  
  4Na+TiCl4(熔融)===4NaCl+Ti
  
  Mg+Cl2===MgCl2
  
  Mg+Br2===MgBr2
  
  2Mg+O2===2MgO
  
  Mg+S===MgS
  
  Mg+2H2O===Mg(OH)2+H2
  
  2Mg+TiCl4(熔融)===Ti+2MgCl2
  
  Mg+2RbCl===MgCl2+2Rb
  
  2Mg+CO2===2MgO+C
  
  2Mg+SiO2===2MgO+Si
  
  Mg+H2S===MgS+H2
  
  Mg+H2SO4===MgSO4+H2
  
  2Al+3Cl2===2AlCl3
  
  4Al+3O2===2Al2O3(钝化)
  
  4Al(Hg)+3O2+2xH2O===2(Al2O3.xH2O)+4Hg
  
  4Al+3MnO2===2Al2O3+3Mn
  
  2Al+Cr2O3===Al2O3+2Cr
  
  2Al+Fe2O3===Al2O3+2Fe
  
  2Al+3FeO===Al2O3+3Fe
  
  2Al+6HCl===2AlCl3+3H2
  
  2Al+3H2SO4===Al2(SO4)3+3H2
  
  2Al+6H2SO4(浓)===Al2(SO4)3+3SO2+6H2O
  
  (Al,Fe在冷,浓的H2SO4,HNO3中钝化)
  
  Al+4HNO(稀)===Al(NO3)3+NO+2H2O
  
  2Al+2NaOH+2H2O===2NaAlO2+3H2
  
  2Fe+3Br2===2FeBr3
  
  Fe+I2===FeI2
  
  Fe+S===FeS
  
  3Fe+4H2O(g)===Fe3O4+4H2
  
  Fe+2HCl===FeCl2+H2
  
  Fe+CuCl2===FeCl2+Cu
  
  Fe+SnCl4===FeCl2+SnCl2
  
  (铁在酸性环境下,不能把四氯化锡完全
  
  还原为单质锡Fe+SnCl2==FeCl2+Sn)
  
  三,非金属氢化物(HF,HCl,H2O,H2S,NH3)
  
  1,还原性:
  
  4HCl(浓)+MnO2===MnCl2+Cl2+2H2O
  
  4HCl(g)+O2===2Cl2+2H2O
  
  16HCl+2KMnO4===2KCl+2MnCl2+5Cl2+8H2O
  
  14HCl+K2Cr2O7===2KCl+2CrCl3+3Cl2+7H2O
  
  2H2O+2F2===4HF+O2
  
  2H2S+3O2(足量)===2SO2+2H2O
  
  2H2S+O2(少量)===2S+2H2O
  
  2H2S+SO2===3S+2H2O
  
  H2S+H2SO4(浓)===S+SO2+2H2O
  
  3H2S+2HNO(稀)===3S+2NO+4H2O
  
  5H2S+2KMnO4+3H2SO4===2MnSO4+K2SO4+5S+8H2O